Karakteristik, Mekanisme, dan Potensi Terapeutik Vesikel Ekstraseluler Turunan Tanaman sebagai Sistem Penghantaran Obat Berbasis Nano: Tinjauan Literatur

Abstract

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have recently gained attention as promising natural nanocarriers for drug delivery applications due to their biocompatibility, stability, and intrinsic biological activity. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics, drug delivery mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of PDEVs through a systematic literature review approach. Literature searching was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for articles published between 2015 and 2025. The selected articles were screened based on relevance, inclusion criteria, and full-text availability. The findings showed that PDEVs generally possess nanoscale particle sizes ranging from 30–200 nm, negative zeta potential, and lipid bilayer structures that support vesicle stability and cellular interactions. In addition, PDEVs are capable of delivering therapeutic agents through endocytosis-mediated uptake and intracellular release mechanisms, while also modulating several signaling pathways, including NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2, and NLRP3 inflammasome. Various studies also demonstrated that PDEVs exhibit intrinsic therapeutic activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects through cross-kingdom communication mediated by biomolecular transfer. Compared to synthetic nanoparticles, PDEVs offer better biocompatibility, lower toxicity, and improved targeting capability. However, challenges related to standardization, physicochemical variability, and limited clinical studies remain important limitations for future development. Overall, PDEVs represent a promising and innovative nano-based drug delivery system with considerable potential for future therapeutic applications.